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Can Iran Restore Deterrence Against Israel Without Triggering an All-Out War?

 

Iran's strategic positioning in the Middle East, particularly against Israel, has become increasingly precarious. Recent events, such as the assassination of Hamas politburo head Ismail Haniyeh, have tested Iran’s capacity to maintain deterrence while avoiding direct conflict. The aftermath of this assassination prompted Iran's Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, to make a cryptic statement: “Non-tactical retreat leads to the wrath of God.” This statement left analysts divided—was it a promise of retaliation or an admission of strategic restraint?

The Complex Dilemma of Retaliation

The key question Iran now faces is whether to retaliate against Israel for the assassination and if so, when and how. The Iranian regime is highly cautious about moving forward with direct military action. Khamenei's words could be interpreted as a justification for the lack of an immediate response. The assassination exposed serious flaws in Iran's intelligence and security operations, making clear that any retaliation would need to be carefully calculated to avoid further damage.

A misstep could escalate tensions into an all-out war, a scenario Iran is desperate to avoid. It’s essential to understand that Iran’s strategic goals since the traumatic eight-year Iran-Iraq War have revolved around avoiding large-scale conflict. The experience of that war, which left the nation economically and socially devastated, still shapes the Iranian leadership's decisions today. Retaliating against Israel must not only account for immediate security risks but also ensure that Iran does not slip into a catastrophic war that could lead to international isolation.

Building a New Deterrent Architecture

Since the Iran-Iraq War, Iran has been working to develop a complex deterrent architecture to avoid future full-scale conflicts. Over the past decades, Iran has relied heavily on proxy groups across the region, including in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen. These proxy groups, initially fostered to counterbalance U.S. influence in Iraq after the 2003 invasion, have become central to Iran’s regional strategy. Iran has now realized that its proxy-driven strategy must evolve, particularly in the face of Israel’s growing military influence.

Israel, backed by the United States, continues to intensify its military campaigns, including its recent strikes on the Gaza Strip and assassinations of regional figures. Iran understands that an open confrontation with Israel, supported by the U.S., would be devastating. Tehran is, therefore, seeking to recalibrate its strategy, building new deterrent measures that include enhancing its missile programs, bolstering intelligence operations, and advancing nuclear capacity. The risk of a direct military confrontation has pushed Iran to exercise caution, while simultaneously fortifying its ability to defend itself.

Strategic Patience and the Nuclear Factor

Iran’s strategy of “strategic patience” hinges on its capacity-building efforts across several domains, including nuclear, military, and intelligence. With each wave of sanctions and targeted assassinations, Iran has accelerated its nuclear and missile programs, aiming to achieve a level of deterrence that will make any potential conflict with Israel or the U.S. too costly. These efforts are intended to ensure that Iran remains a formidable power without directly engaging in full-scale warfare.

At the heart of Iran’s red lines is the protection of its economic lifelines—particularly its oil and gas infrastructure—and territorial integrity. These elements are closely tied to the nation’s internal stability and survival. Any military action that threatens these assets would likely force Iran to respond, albeit cautiously. Iran’s leadership is acutely aware that Israel, with U.S. backing, holds the upper hand in deciding the scale of Iran's retaliation.

The Road Ahead

Iran faces a delicate balancing act as it seeks to restore its deterrence against Israel without being drawn into a regional war. The assassination of key figures like Haniyeh and ongoing Israeli military operations pose real challenges to Tehran. The Iranian leadership’s focus remains on ensuring that any retaliation does not spark a wider conflict that could draw in the U.S. and other global powers. While Iran’s long-term goal is to maintain its regional influence and secure its position as a dominant power, it must navigate an increasingly volatile environment to avoid disaster.

Ultimately, Tehran's decision-making will be shaped by how it perceives Israel's next moves. With "ironclad" U.S. backing for Israel, Iran must tread carefully, using proxies and bolstering its deterrence capabilities to buy time while preventing an all-out war. Whether this strategy will hold remains to be seen, but for now, Iran's leadership appears determined to avoid any direct confrontation that would jeopardize the regime's survival.

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